Novartis AG is a holding company, which engages in the development, manufacture, and marketing of healthcare products. It operates through the following segments: Innovative Medicines, Sandoz, and Corporate. The Innovative Medicines segment researches, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells patented pharmaceuticals, and is composed of two business units: Novartis Oncology and Novartis Pharmaceuticals. The Sandoz segment develops, manufactures and markets finished dosage form medicines as well as intermediary products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients. The Corporate segment refers to group management and central services. The company was founded on February 29, 1996 and is headquartered in Basel, Switzerland.

Merck & Co., Inc. is a health care company, which engages in the provision of health solutions through its prescription medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies, animal health, and consumer care products. It operates through the following segments: Pharmaceutical, Animal Health, and Other. The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures, and markets animal health products, such as pharmaceutical and vaccine products, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in livestock, and companion animal species. The Other segment consists of sales for the non-reportable segments of healthcare services. The company was founded in 1891 and is headquartered in Kenilworth, NJ.

Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company founded in 1997 and located in San Diego, California. The company has small molecule drugs in development for possible clinical utility in multiple therapeutic areas. The company’s most advanced investigational clinical programs are ralinepag (formerly APD811) in testing for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), etrasimod (formerly APD334) in evaluation for inflammatory indications and APD371 for the treatment of pain associated with Crohn’s disease. In 2016 the company downsized and shifted its focus to developing new drugs currently being tested in clinical trials.

Warner-Lambert Co. used to manufacture and market pharmaceuticals, consumer health care products & confectionery. Its pharmaceutical products were ethical pharmaceuticals, biological products and hard-gelatin capsules. Its consumer health products were a wide range of products like oral care mouthwash/dental rinses, toothpaste, effervescent denture cleaning tablets, upper respiratory cold & sinus preparations, antihistamines, allergy products and cough syrups/suppressants. The company was headquartered in Morris Plains, NJ.

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. manufactures pharmaceutical products. It offers pharmaceutical drugs, pharmaceutical instruments, and diagnostics solutions. The company was founded by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche on October 1, 1896 and is headquartered in Basel, Switzerland.

Auspex Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel medicines for the treatment of orphan diseases. The company's pipeline includes product candidates to address unmet medical needs in hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, tardive dyskinesia, and Tourette syndrome, as well as other orphan indications.

Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s operations consists of the discovery, development, manufacture, and marketing of therapeutic products engineered to inactivate proteins, which play roles in cancer, AIDS, and other serious diseases. Its product, VIRACEPT®, was a drug for the treatment of HIV infection. Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc.

Alcon, Inc. engages in the development, manufacture, and marketing of market surgical equipment and devices, pharmaceutical eye drops, and consumer vision care products to treat eye diseases and disorders. It operates through the following segments: Surgical and Vision Care. The Surgical segment offers implantable products, consumables and equipment for use in surgical procedures to address cataracts, vitreoretinal conditions, refractive errors, and glaucoma. The Vision Care segment comprises daily disposable, reusable and color-enhancing contact lenses, as well as portfolio of ocular health products, including over-the-counter products for dry eye, contact lens care, and ocular allergies, as well as ocular vitamins and redness relievers. The company was founded by Mr. Robert Alexander and Mr. William Conner on 1945 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

Kala Pharmaceuticals is developing novel treatments for diseases that affect mucosal tissues. The company's proprietary mucus penetrating particle technology dramatically improves drug distribution and pharmacokinetics by uniformly coating the mucosal surface with biocompatible, drug-loaded particles. Kala's formulations achieve high, sustained local drug concentrations with reduced systemic exposure and are delivered in a patient-friendly format. The company's research efforts have demonstrated successful in vivo proof-of-concept in mucosal organs such as the respiratory tract, eye, and cervicovaginal tract, enabling diverse product opportunities that target significant clinical unmet need. Kala is focused on advancing an internal pipeline of products through human proof-of-concept while establishing R&D collaborations with select partners to improve products in their pipelines.

Pfizer Inc. (NYSE: PFE, /ˈfaɪzər/) is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City was founded in 1849, based in New York City and was listed on New York Stock Exchange. It is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and its shares have been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004. Pfizer ranked No. 57 on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

Merck (d.b.a. EMD Millipore in the U.S. and Canada) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company. Merck, also known as “German Merck” and “Merck Darmstadt”, was founded in Darmstadt, Germany, in 1668, making it the world's oldest operating chemical and pharmaceutical company. The company was privately owned until going public in 1995. However, the Merck family still controls a majority (≈70%) of the company's shares. Following World War I, Merck lost possession of its foreign sites, including the Merck & Co. subsidiary in the United States. Merck & Co., which operates as Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) outside the U.S. and Canada, is now an independent company. Merck KGaA operates mainly in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. Since Merck & Co. holds the rights to the Merck name in the U.S. and Canada, the company operated under the umbrella brand EMD Chemicals in North America, and since 2010 as EMD Millipore (after the acquisition of Millipore Corporation), formed from the initials of Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt. Founded in 1668 in Darmstadt, Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany, is the world's oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company. The success of the export business to the United States led in 1887 to the establishment of an office in New York, which gave rise to their subsidiary [Merck & Co.](http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/merck-co-inc) four years later. Owing to World War I, Merck & Co. was expropriated in 1917. The two companies have been separate every since. Merck KGaA Subsidiaries: - [Merck Consumer Healthcare](http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/merck-consumer-healthcare) - [Merck Performance Materials](http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/merck-performance-materials)

Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. engages in the research, development, and distribution of vaccines, prescription drugs, and animal health products. The company is headquartered in Whitehouse Station, NJ.

Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. is a pharmaceutical company. It engages in the development and commercialization of oral therapies for the treatment of patients with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The firm offers NEXLETOL (bempedoic acid) tablets, and NEXLIZET (bempedoic acid and ezetimibe) tablets. The company was founded by Roger S. Newton, Hans Ageland, Jan O. Johansson, Anders Paul Wiklund, Michael E. Pape, David I. Scheer and Charles L. Bisgaier in May 1998 and is headquartered in Ann Arbor, MI.

Genentech is a biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures, and commercializes medicines to treat patients with serious or life-threatening medical conditions. It creates multiple products on the market and a development pipeline. The company became a member of the Roche Group in 2009. As part of their merger agreement, Roche and Genentech combined their pharmaceutical operations in the United States. Genentech’s South San Francisco campus now serves as the headquarters for Roche pharmaceutical operations in the United States. Genentech’s Research and Early Development section operates as an independent center within Roche. Genentech was founded in 1976 by [Robert Swanson](https://www.crunchbase.com/person/robert-a-swanson) and [Herbert Boyer](https://www.crunchbase.com/person/herbert-w-boyer). It is headquartered in South San Francisco, C.A.

Shenzhen Silicon-based Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., established on 2016-11-23, Business scope includes general business items:electronic product,Electronic Component,chip,Technology development of computer hardware and software and peripheral auxiliary materials,Sales and technical consultation;Research and development of a class of medical devices,Sales and technical consultation;Invest in the development of medical devices,medicine,electronic,High-tech industry projects in the software field(Specific projects will be reported separately);Technology project investment(Specific projects will be reported separately);Invest in business(Specific projects will be reported separately);Domestic Trade;Operating import and export business;Biotechnology Consulting,communication service;Biotechnology Development Services;Medical Research and Experimental Development(Does not contain human experiments and medical practices);Science and Technology Information Consulting Services;Information Technology Consulting Services;Market Research Services(Do not engage in social investigation,social research,poll,opinion poll);Business Management Consulting(Does not include talent intermediary services).(law,Administrative regulations,Except for items prohibited by the State Council,Restricted projects must obtain a license before operating),The licensing program is:electronic product,Electronic Component,chip,Production of computer hardware and software and peripheral auxiliary materials;one type,Class II,Production of Class III Medical Devices;Class II,Research and development of three types of medical devices,Sales and technical consultation.

Eyegene, Inc. engages in the research and development of pharmaceutical products. Its products include curing technologies and vaccines for diabetic retinopathy, decubitus ulcer, cervical cancer, and adjuvant immunotherapy. The company was founded on June 23, 2000 and is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea.

GrayBug is a pharmaceutical company that develops transformative medicines for ocular diseases. They also develop therapies for inflammatory diseases with unmet needs. Their proprietary technology targets the inhibition of calcium release-activated calcium channels designed to modulate the immune response and protect against tissue cell injury.

Gilead Sciences, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company, which engages in the research, development, and commercialization of medicines in areas of unmet medical need. The firm's primary areas of focus include human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, liver diseases, hematology, oncology, and inflammation and respiratory diseases. It offers antiviral products under Harvoni, Genvoya, Epclusa, Truvada, Atripla, Descovy, Stribild, Viread, Odefsey, Complera/Eviplera, Sovaldi, and Vosevi brands. The company was founded by Michael L. Riordan on June 22, 1987 and is headquartered in Foster City, CA.

Santaris Pharma A/S is a privately held clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of RNA-targeted therapies. The LNA Drug Platform and Drug Discovery Engine developed by Santaris Pharma A/S combine the company’s proprietary LNA chemistry with its highly specialized and targeted drug development capabilities to rapidly deliver potent single-stranded LNA-based drug candidates across a multitude of disease states. The company’s research and development activities focus on infectious diseases and cardiometabolic disorders, while partnerships with major pharmaceutical companies include a range of therapeutic areas including cancer, cardiovascular disease, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and rare genetic disorders. The company has strategic partnerships with miRagen Therapeutics, Shire PLC, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, and Enzon Pharmaceuticals. As part of its broad patent estate, the company holds exclusive worldwide rights to manufacture, have manufactured and sell products that contain LNA as an active ingredient for studies performed with a view to obtaining marketing approval. Santaris Pharma A/S, founded in 2003, is headquartered in Denmark with operations in the United States.